Sound recording and reproduction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re- creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording. Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a microphone diaphragm that can detect the changes in atmospheric pressure caused by acoustic sound waves and record them as a mechanical representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a phonograph (in which a stylus senses grooves on a record). Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording. View and Download JVC KD-AVX77 instructions manual online. KD-AVX77 Receiver pdf manual download. View and Download Sony STR-DA3ES service manual online. STR-DA3ES Stereo Receiver pdf manual download.
In magnetic tape recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying electric current, which is then converted to a varying magnetic field by an electromagnet, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Oscillations may also be recorded directly from devices such as an electric guitar pickup or a synthesizer, without the use of acoustics in the recording process other than the need for musicians to hear how well they are playing during recording sessions. Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of Binary numbers representing samples of the amplitude of the audio signal at equal time intervals, at a sample rate high enough to convey all sounds capable of being heard. Digital recordings are considered higher quality than analog recordings not necessarily because they have higher fidelity (wider frequency response or dynamic range), but because the digital format can prevent much loss of quality found in analog recording due to noise and electromagnetic interference in playback, and mechanical deterioration or damage to the storage medium. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is applied to a loudspeaker. Prehistory[edit]Long before sound was first recorded, music was recorded—first by written notation, then also by mechanical devices (e. Automatic music reproduction traces back as far as the 9th century, when the BanÅ« MÅ«sÄ brothers invented the earliest known mechanical musical instrument, in this case a hydropoweredorgan that played interchangeable cylinders. According to Charles B. Fowler, this ".. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century."[1][unreliable source?] The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automaticflute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine.[2] According to Fowler, the automata were a robotband that performed ".. In the 1. 4th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell- ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder. Similar designs appeared in barrel organs (1. The fairground organ, developed in 1. The player piano, first demonstrated in 1. The most sophisticated of the piano rolls were "hand- played", meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual, not just a transcription of the sheet music. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1. Piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1. A 1. 90. 8 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1. The use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1. Phonautograph[edit]The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air (but could not play them back—the purpose was only visual study) was the phonautograph, patented in 1. Parisian inventor Édouard- Léon Scott de Martinville. The earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called "phonautograms", made in 1. They consist of sheets of paper with sound- wave- modulated white lines created by a vibrating stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it. An 1. 86. 0 phonautogram of Au Clair de la Lune, a French folk song, was played back as sound for the first time in 2. Phonograph[edit]Phonograph cylinder[edit]On April 3. French poet, humorous writer and inventor Charles Cros submitted a sealed envelope containing a letter to the Academy of Sciences in Paris fully explaining his proposed method, called the paleophone. Though no trace of a working paleophone was ever found, Cros is remembered as the earliest inventor of a sound recording and reproduction machine. The first practical sound recording and reproduction device was the mechanical phonograph cylinder, invented by Thomas Edison in 1. The invention soon spread across the globe and over the next two decades the commercial recording, distribution and sale of sound recordings became a growing new international industry, with the most popular titles selling millions of units by the early 1. The development of mass- production techniques enabled cylinder recordings to become a major new consumer item in industrial countries and the cylinder was the main consumer format from the late 1. Disc phonograph[edit]. Recording of Bell's voice on a wax disc in 1. Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone. The next major technical development was the invention of the gramophone disc, generally credited to Emile Berliner and commercially introduced in the United States in 1. Alexander Graham Bell in 1. Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being louder (marginally) than cylinders, which by necessity, were single- sided. Sales of the gramophone record overtook the cylinder ca. World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. Edison, who was the main producer of cylinders, created the Edison Disc Record in an attempt to regain his market. In various permutations, the audio disc format became the primary medium for consumer sound recordings until the end of the 2. Although there was no universally accepted speed, and various companies offered discs that played at several different speeds, the major recording companies eventually settled on a de facto industry standard of nominally 7. America and the rest of the world. The specified speed was 7. America and 7. 7. AC power driving the stroboscopes used to calibrate recording lathes and turntables.[1. The nominal speed of the disc format gave rise to its common nickname, the "seventy- eight" (though not until other speeds had become available). Discs were made of shellac or similar brittle plastic- like materials, played with needles made from a variety of materials including mild steel, thorn and even sapphire. Discs had a distinctly limited playing life that varied depending on how they were produced. Earlier, purely acoustic methods of recording had limited sensitivity and frequency range. Mid- frequency range notes could be recorded, but very low and very high frequencies could not. Instruments such as the violin were difficult to transfer to disc. One technique to deal with this involved using a Stroh violin—which was fitted a conical horn connected to a diaphragm vibrated by the violin bridge. The horn was no longer required once electrical recording was developed. The long- playing 3. LP", was developed at Columbia Records and introduced in 1. The short- playing but convenient 7- inch 4. RCA Victor in 1. 94. In the US and most developed countries, the two new vinyl formats completely replaced 7. Vinyl was much more expensive than shellac, one of several factors that made its use for 7. Vinyl offered improved performance, both in stamping and in playback. If played with a good diamond stylus mounted in a lightweight pickup on a well- adjusted tonearm, it was long- lasting. If protected from dust, scuffs and scratches there was very little noise. Vinyl records were, over- optimistically, advertised as "unbreakable". They were not, but they were much less fragile than shellac, which had itself once been touted as "unbreakable" compared to wax cylinders. Electrical recording[edit]. RCA- 4. 4, a classic ribbon microphone introduced in 1. Similar units were widely used for recording and broadcasting in the 1. Between the invention of the phonograph in 1. This innovation eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and more full- bodied recordings by greatly extending the useful range of audio frequencies, and allowed previously unrecordable distant and feeble sounds to be captured. Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone- based recording devices with no means of amplification, such as the Telegraphone,[1. These included improved microphones and auxiliary devices such as electronic filters, all dependent on electronic amplification to be of practical use in recording. In 1. 90. 6, Lee De Forest invented the Audiontriode vacuum tube, an electronic valve that could amplify weak electrical signals. By 1. 91. 5, it was in use in long- distance telephone circuits that made conversations between New York and San Francisco practical. Refined versions of this tube were the basis of all electronic sound systems until the commercial introduction of the first transistor- based audio devices in the 1. During World War I, engineers in the United States and Great Britain worked on ways to record and reproduce, among other things, the sound of a German U- boat (submarine) for training purposes. Acoustical recording methods of the time could not reproduce the sounds accurately. The earliest results were not promising. The first electrical recording issued to the public, with little fanfare, was of November 1. Unknown Soldier in Westminster Abbey, London.
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